Introduction: The data mining techniques described in this book are primarily database-oriented, that is, designed for the efficient handling of huge amounts of data that are typically multidimensional and possibly of various complex types. There are, however, many well-established statistical techniques for data analysis, particularly for numeric data.
These techniques have been applied extensively to some types of scientific data (e.g., data from experiments in physics, engineering, manufacturing, psychology, and medicine), as well as to data from economics and the social sciences. Some of these techniques, such as principal components analysis, regression, and clustering, have already been addressed in this book. A thorough discussion of major statistical methods for data analysis is beyond the scope of this book; however, several methods are mentioned here for the sake of completeness. Pointers to these techniques are provided in the bibliographic notes.
Regression: In general, these methods are used to predict the value of a response (dependent) variable from one or more predictor (independent) variables where the variables are numeric. There are various forms of regression, such as linear, multiple, weighted, polynomial, nonparametric, and robust (robust methods are useful when errors fail to satisfy normalcy conditions or when the data contain significant outliers).
Generalized linear models: These models, and their generalization (generalized additive models), allow a categorical response variable (or some transformation of it) to be related to a set of predictor variables in a manner similar to the modeling of a numeric response variable using linear regression. Generalized linear models include logistic regression and Poisson regression.
Analysis of variance: These techniques analyze experimental data for two or more populations described by a numeric response variable and one or more categorical variables (factors). In general, an ANOVA (single-factor analysis of variance) problem involves a comparison of k population or treatment means to determine if at least two of the means are different. More complex ANOVA problems also exist.
Mixed-effect models: These models are for analyzing grouped data—data that can be classified according to one or more grouping variables. They typically describe relationships between a response variable and some covariates in data grouped according to one or more factors. Common areas of application include multilevel data, repeated measures data, block designs, and longitudinal data.
Factor analysis: This method is used to determine which variables are combined to generate a given factor. For example, for many psychiatric data, it is not possible to measure a certain factor of interest directly (such as intelligence); however, it is often possible to measure other quantities (such as student test scores) that reflect the factor of interest. Here, none of the variables are designated as dependent.
Discriminant analysis: This technique is used to predict a categorical response variable. Unlike generalized linear models, it assumes that the independent variables follow a multivariate normal distribution. The procedure attempts to determine several discriminant functions (linear combinations of the independent variables) that discriminate among the groups defined by the response variable. Discriminant analysis is commonly used in social sciences.
Time series analysis: There are many statistical techniques for analyzing time-series data, such as auto regression methods, univariate ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) modeling, and long-memory time-series modeling.
Survival analysis: Several well-established statistical techniques exist for survival analysis. These techniques originally were designed to predict the probability that a patient undergoing a medical treatment would survive at least to time t. Methods for survival analysis, however, are also commonly applied to manufacturing settings to estimate the life span of industrial equipment. Popular methods include Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival, Cox proportional hazards regression models, and their extensions.
Quality control: Various statistics can be used to prepare charts for quality control, such as Shewhart charts and cusum charts (both of which display group summary statistics). These statistics include the mean, standard deviation, range, count, moving average, moving standard deviation, and moving range.
